Single Puppy Syndrome

Abstract

Dogs are polytocous, which means that each time they give birth, they have more than two puppies. Depending on the breed, the typical litter size ranges from three to seven puppies. However, it is not uncommon for a litter to include only one or two puppies. Single Puppy Syndrome is a very uncommon condition. Even though it may seem odd, a single puppy litter can create a slew of issues throughout the whelping process. When the foetus becomes too large to be nourished and maintained in the uterus by the placenta, whelping or birth occurs. The foetus produces cortisol as a result of a shortage of oxygen and nutrients (a stress hormone). This hormone acts on the placenta and uterus, triggering a series of hormonal and physical changes that culminate in the delivery of the puppies.

Key words: Polytocus, Whelping, Cortisol.

Introduction

When there is just one puppy in a litter, the quantity of cortisol generated by the lone puppy is insufficient to start the birth process. Because of the lack of nutrition, the foetus will die. Because the uterus has a sterile environment, the foetus does not decay after death, but rather dries up and becomes ‘mummified.’ The birth process might sometimes start off slowly, causing the cervix to just partially open. This permits germs to enter, and the foetus begins to deteriorate as a result of these microbes. If left untreated for a long time, the uterus may be irreversibly damaged. Furthermore, during whelping, a single foetus may grow excessively big and become trapped on its way out.

Causes of Single Puppy Litter

Unfortunately, there isn’t a single cause  for a single litter pregnancy, however research shows that there are a number of variables that might impact it. Some breeds are prone to have tiny or even single litters. Small or tiny breeds are more likely to have a single puppy pregnancy. Scottish Terriers are particularly prone to it. Between the ages of 3 and 7, dogs have their largest litter size, after which the number of puppies in a litter declines. When dogs are bred after they have reached the age of seven, their odds of producing a single puppy litter rise. The size of the litter is also influenced by the timing of mating.

Diagnosis

The easiest technique to count foetuses in a pregnant dog is to utilise radiographs (X-rays). After 54 days of pregnancy, the skeletal system of the dog foetus develops, and the number of foetuses may be determined by counting the number of foetal skeletons. However, because X-rays can be damaging to the unborn, as little exposure as feasible is required.

Treatment

The real condition occurs during mating and fertilisation, but the results are seen at the time of delivery. It’s critical to keep an eye on dogs that are at risk for Single Puppy Syndrome during their pregnancy. The vet will initially do an ultrasound to determine the health state of the baby by detecting the heart rate and bowel movements in the event of a non-initiation or partial initiation of birth. The vet will determine whether to perform a caesarean surgery or use various medication combinations to induce labour according on the foetus’ viability.

Prevention

Ensure that dogs are bred at the appropriate time based on the heat period. After the age of seven, breeding dogs must be done with prudence, and pregnancy and delivery must be closely watched. Keep meticulous notes of breeding dates and estimated delivery dates.

Conclusion

Single puppy syndrome is an uncommon occurrence that can lead to serious consequences. It is recommended that pet parents keep accurate breeding records at all times. If you detect any difficulties throughout the whelping process, contact your veterinarian. Because a singleton’s absence of littermates might have a significant influence on his future behaviour, some compassionate breeders will attempt to introduce the singleton pup to another litter in the hopes that he will be welcomed and integrate successfully. New puppy owners may further their socialisation by enrolling in puppy to puppy lessons, where they can learn the ABC’s of dog body language and begin learning about bite inhibition. Of course, spaying and neutering your dog is the best way to avoid singleton babies and minimise the pet overpopulation problem.